A combination of containment and/or surveillance measures. Each
C/S system is designed to meet a purpose specified in the IAEA's
safeguards approach. To increase reliability, a C/S system can
include one or several C/S devices. Containment/surveillance
devices and containment may be used in such a way that each
plausible diversion path is covered by at least one device (single
C/S). For redundancy purposes, C/S devices may be backed up
(duplicated) by a similar device. In a dual C/S system, each
plausible diversion path is covered by two C/S devices that are
functionally independent and are not subject to a common tampering
or failure mode (dual C/S), e.g. two different types of seal, or
seals plus surveillance. Dual C/S is normally applied where the
verification of nuclear material is difficult to perform, in order
to increase confidence in the C/S results and reduce the
requirements for periodic reverification.
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